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The term, ‘getting long in the tooth’ is often associated with ageing, which is misleading. Receding gums aren’t a result of natural ageing, rather, they can be a result of ongoing trauma to the gum area, which over time, leads the gums to pull away from the teeth. Receding gums can be due to genetics, but more often they are due to overzealous brushing of the teeth. Gingivitis and periodontitis, commonly known as gum disease, are also other causes. Over time, if the disease worsens, the root of the tooth can become exposed, leading to sensitive teeth and increasing the risk of root decay and eventual loss of the tooth. Root decay is more difficult to treat and often needs specialised treatment techniques.

Periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection of the gum tissue. Plaque harbouring bacteria develops on teeth, particularly around the gum line. Without frequent brushing and flossing, the gums become red and inflamed and this is called gingivitis.

Some people have a genetic pre-disposition for periodontal disease which causes a destruction of the attachment of the gum to the tooth and bone. The bacteria then thrive in the gap between the gum and the tooth, causing further breakdown.

It is now thought that this slowly progressive destruction has some links with the development of cardiovascular disease. Studies show that dental infections have appeared as risk factors for cardiovascular disease, independent of the classic risk factors including genetic influence, diet, smoking, weight, blood cholesterol level and alcohol consumption.

Dental erosion has been called a silent epidemic and the ADA says it is a problem that needs to be managed as vigilantly as dental decay. Dental erosion is the loss of tooth structure due to exposure to acids. This occurs when teeth are exposed to acids such as those found in some beverages and foods. Additionally, acid reflux can have the same effect.

These acids can gradually dissolve tooth enamel and lead to the loss of the tooth’s hard protective coating and premature exposure of the dentine, which is the softer internal part of a tooth. Tooth erosion can result in tooth sensitivity - especially when the tooth is exposed to heat and cold. Acidic drinks such as fruit juices, sports, soft and caffeinated drinks, and excessive alcohol consumption can exacerbate the erosion process. Other causes of dental erosion can be vomiting and the use of some drugs. Dental erosion can be minimised by implementing simple changes when consuming acidic beverages and following specific oral hygiene practices.